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[Music]

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[Applause]

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hi everyone my name is Amy Smith and I'm

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from Woods Hole Oceanographic

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Institution and today I'm gonna talk to

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you about Loihi seamount and its

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potential for an scientific analog to

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Enceladus or other ocean worlds that

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might have I've been sent just it might

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have some applications to two

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hydrothermal vents on other ocean worlds

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so I have a lot of co-authors here

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because this is a big collaboration

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between NASA NOAA ohe Woods Hole and

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some other universities and then there

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were some other older samples that I

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used that I'm going to talk about today

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as well from the way he see Mount that

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were part of the female project so let

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me get started so I'm what you're

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looking at right now is actually a

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hydrothermal vent I know it might not

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look to you like what you've seen or

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imagined a hydrothermal vent to be it's

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rather small but the temperatures of the

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fluids coming out of this vent are about

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40 30 to 40 degrees Celsius and you can

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see that there are a lot of orange

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yellow fluff around that's actually a

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bacterial mat mostly it's made up of

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this organism called Mara profundis for

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Aqsa dams which is deep subsurface

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organism that oxidizes iron and fixes

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carbon and so these organisms

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characterize this environment you can

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see them all over the rocks at the tip

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at the top of this volcano we have these

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hydrothermal vents and this actually we

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named dragons Dragon's cave because it

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kind of does look like it has dragons

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eggs inside the cave so that's one of

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the places that I'll talk to you about

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today so there are lots of ocean worlds

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in our solar system and besides earth my

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favorite one is Enceladus because we

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have evidence of hydrogen production and

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there might be hydrothermal vents on

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Enceladus so the reason why we went to

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Loihi seamount is because it we think it

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might be a good analog for this type of

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environment main

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because this hydrothermal vent system is

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not on a spreading Ridge which is where

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you find most of them it's actually an

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inter inter plate hotspot volcano and

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because we don't expect for plate

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tectonics to exist on these other worlds

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this is probably more likely like what

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we would find

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so at Luigi seamount we have

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hydrothermal venting it's a hot squat

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volcano there's no sunlight because it's

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about a thousand meters below the

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surface and there are water rock

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reactions to drive chemosynthesis and

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these organisms at the surface that you

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see in the mat here this is one of those

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mats of mayer profundus rock sedan's

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those are actually chemosynthetic

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organisms as well and then this whoops

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sorry

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this blue dots here those are actually

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microbes in fluids from Loihi seamount

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if you can stain the DNA of the microbes

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and look at it under the microscope and

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that's what they they look like so this

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is a map of Hawaii here and then you can

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see this is the hot spot that created

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all the Hawaiian Islands and Loihi is

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the next Island that's being formed

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underneath the ocean right next to the

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Big Island so what makes Loihi seamount

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interesting is that it's very different

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from on accident sites as I mentioned

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it's also a low temperature site so that

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the temperatures of the fluids are

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around 30 to 40 degrees Celsius at some

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point they were a little bit higher

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sometimes they're lower but what's

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interesting also is that there's no

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sulfide in the fluids there's a lot of

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iron and co2 and there's a little bit of

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hydrogen it's below the detection limit

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which is about three micro molar or less

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but still it's possible that microbes

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could use it for energy we don't see

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very many like typical vent organisms at

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this site we only really see those mats

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couple of shrimp and a few butte fish a

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previous paper by jason silva at all in

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2017 said that nitrogen sulfur and iron

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metabolisms are probably likely in the

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fluids that are coming out of the vents

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but at that time really it's just energy

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modeling

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and he had some taxonomy that he

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reported and then I have taken those

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fluids and looked more deeply at the

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meta genomes and I'll present that as

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well today so as I mentioned before

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there this location is dominated by

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these iron mats or my profundus but one

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interesting thing I want to point out is

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that they have to have oxygen and

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whether or not there's oxygen on some of

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these other ocean worlds is up for

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debate

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so we're not really sure if this is a

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good location or not based on that but

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there are other ways to oxidize iron so

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it's possible that that this type of

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organism could exist so our main

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question what this study was to look

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like what to look at what life looks

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like in the subsurface not necessarily

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focusing on those iron mats that have

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been studied for years and years so what

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I did in on a recent cruise in August

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and September of last year was to take

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some fluid samples from several

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different sites on the Luisi mount and

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look at cell densities just get an idea

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of how much energy might be in the

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system and how much biomass can be

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supported by that look at the taxonomy

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again do meta-genome studies and then to

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culture some organisms oh and you can

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notice here this is also another event

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site that we were sampling this is

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called a super sampler that we used to

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sample the fluids that are coming out of

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the rock also I'll be talking briefly

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about a last bit of our cruise we were

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able to go and sample some of some vent

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well if not vent fluid necessarily but

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some fluids from the Kilauea ocean entry

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site if you remember in August of last

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year

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Kilauea had just been erupting for a

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period of time for several weeks a

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couple of months and then so we went to

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that site at the very end of our cruise

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to look at the ocean entry to see if we

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could see any life there that had

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colonized the basalt that had gotten

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into the ocean I will also like to point

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out that during our cruise that was

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three weeks there were four hurricanes

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so

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the first hurricane was hurricane lane

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and it kind of hit that big island

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pretty hard so I'm gonna show you a

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video of what we encountered on the

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ocean entry site and it doesn't look

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like fresh basalt because it's covered

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in sediment and they're like palm trees

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and stuff everywhere but um that's what

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it is

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trust me okay so um this is 635 meters

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down at the Kilauea ocean entry site and

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you might recognize something um kind of

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blowing in the wind that orange a yellow

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looking microbial mat there so we got a

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sample of the mat and then we're

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sticking our super sampler and the

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different holes to see if we could find

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any fluid flow and we actually measured

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a elevation of temperature 0.8 degrees

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above ambient so just a little bit

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warmer but it was still warm after three

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weeks of inactivity from the volcano so

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that was pretty exciting to us and it

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was also really exciting that we saw

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life had already colonized there and it

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looks a lot like what we saw at Loihi

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seamount which is not part not far away

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so um I also have a couple of videos of

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some really cool microbes that I was

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able to produce and culture on the ship

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while we were there the first one is

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that iron oxidizer or sorry iron reducer

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enrichment which grew pretty well and

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then the the other is a rock that we

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took from a an old vent that was at the

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top of Luisi mount but you can see there

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are a lot of sulfides and it's quite

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beautiful and I just couldn't stop

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staring at it and I didn't want to give

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that rock away but I had to and then

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these are some of the other beautiful

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rocks that we were able to collect from

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the cipa summit hopefully it will

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advance okay so okay so now I want to

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talk to you about the cell density in

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these fluids and how it compares to some

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other sites as far as whether or not

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they're hydrothermal vents or bottom

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seawater so if you can see all of the

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orange bars here are

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cell counts from Loihi seamount the

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first set is from nineteen the 1980s

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that were reported right after an

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eruption and then these here are the

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ones from the 2018 sampling site that we

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took and then this is that mustard

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Hallows what we're calling it the kill

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away and ocean entry site so those

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fluids that were point eight degrees

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above ambient so those are all the cell

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densities here and then if you follow

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this line that will show you where Loihi

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comes out on this graph all of the light

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blue are bottom sea water samples

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whether or not they're close to Loihi or

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in another location they all kind of are

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a little bit lower than Loihi but Loihi

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in general is kind of in between what we

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might find in bottom sea water and a

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sulfide rich hydrothermal vents such as

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this one which is Mariana back-arc here

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so you can see those are much higher

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cell densities and those also have

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support a large amount of macro fauna

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and lots of other life forms as well so

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Luigi as looks looks like it's kind of a

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lower energy hydrothermal vent system so

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this is the 2018 data that we got the

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first top bar is the bottom seawater

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then we have that mustard holo which is

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the ocean entry site and then these are

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some of the different events that we

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sampled at Loihi and this is just

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looking at the taxonomy from meta-genome

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that or metagenomes that I have been

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producing in the lab that are now ready

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to be sequenced but we wanted to check

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the taxonomy first and you can see

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actually anything that's yellow or

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orange I've tried to color code with

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that's a mayor profundus so that same

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organism that you find in the mat at the

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surface okay so we've got three

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different types of mayor profundus which

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sorry which are the most abundant

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organisms here and then even in that

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mustard holo sight so that math looked

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like it might have been one of those

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types of organisms actually was so on

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the same organisms that colonize

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the vent sites at Lewicki are actually

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colonizing new lava flows that are

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coming into the ocean at the Kilauea

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Volcano site as well and then we have

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some other organisms that are unknown or

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grossly unknown I guess so

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hopefully the meta-genome metagenomes

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that i produce later will give us more

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information about what these organisms

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are doing there and whether or not

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they're actually doing what they what we

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think they are and so now I'm looking at

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2006 data so this is emitted these are

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metagenomes from some samples that were

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taken in 2006 it's at the same locations

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so we have again bottom sea water and

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then these are three of the different

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vent sites and you can see based on this

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is just carbon fixation and the amount

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of genes that were present and each of

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the metagenomes and then which pathways

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are that these are present in is color

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coded and you can note for sure right

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away that you have some yellow and

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Pink's here that are present in the

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Loihi luigi's seamount samples that are

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not present in the bottom seawater and

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those are anaerobic carbon fixation

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pathways so the ones and the bottom sea

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water are mostly Calvin cycle and some

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reductive TCA cycle as well but once you

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get to the Luigi fluids a little bit

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deeper and there's more anaerobic fluid

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coming out then you start seeing

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anaerobic carbon fixation as well so

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we're kind of sampling that deeper

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subsurface organisms and then this chart

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is just a summary of those carbon

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fixation pathways the nitrogen

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metabolisms and sulphur metabolisms and

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then comparing those to the bottom

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seawater sample so this is the same that

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I just showed you just a second ago but

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I do want to point out that there's no

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Madana genesis potentially occurring in

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these sites we do have some genes in

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with Anna Genesis but there were no

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complete pathways out of a whole

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meta-genome we don't have the whole all

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of the genes so that's something to keep

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in mind

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and then you can see here there's a

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shift from the Calvin cycle and vitamin

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C water to these more anaerobic carbon

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fixation pathways in the low week event

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fluids nitrogen metabolism is really

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there's a higher potential for that as

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well in these low heat fluids and then

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the sulfur metabolism both bottom

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seawater and Loihi fluids have a high

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potential for that as well okay I just

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want to point out too that there are a

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lot of hydrogenases present in these

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fluids even though there is not a lot of

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hydrogen there's a high potential for

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hydrogen hydrogen utilization I has been

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pointed out to me that Meir profundus

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has a lot of these hydrogenases so I

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00:14:02,499 --> 00:13:59,839
think it would be interesting to look

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and see if those are the organisms that

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are using these as well so our

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preliminary results are that I have

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00:14:13,540 --> 00:14:10,759
metagenomes that show a potential for

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00:14:15,280 --> 00:14:13,550
anaerobic carbon fixation and hydrogen a

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trophy in this low heat vent fluid

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community including the reductive TCA

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00:14:23,499 --> 00:14:20,509
and with long dal pathway for heceta

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Genesis not methanogenesis that we have

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nitrogen and sulfur cycling that's

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potentially important in this community

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00:14:33,249 --> 00:14:30,259
the cell density is really low we do

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have iron oxidizing bacteria present but

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it's not the majority of the community

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like we have in the mats and then I'm

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culturally sorry culturing organisms at

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00:14:46,660 --> 00:14:44,149
the lab based on organisms that grow a

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00:14:49,480 --> 00:14:46,670
lot mineral is like olivine iron and

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hydrogen and trying to determine who the

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00:14:53,679 --> 00:14:51,050
autotrophs of that community are who's

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00:14:57,579 --> 00:14:53,689
fixing carbon and then I have some more

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00:15:02,259 --> 00:14:57,589
more experiments coming as well so for

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ocean worlds this Loihi site is it is a

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low energy system and there is evidence

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that there's oxygenated seawater

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circulating within the crust and that's

355
00:15:14,919 --> 00:15:12,230
being captured in that community so

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00:15:19,329 --> 00:15:14,929
perhaps going deeper we might be able to

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get a more pure sample for ocean worlds

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and we already see evidence of anaerobic

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00:15:26,710 --> 00:15:24,769
carbon fixation pathways and then we

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00:15:27,580 --> 00:15:26,720
have some unusual organisms potentially

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using them

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so with that I would say thank you